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Characteristics of Peking Opera Costumes

2022-05-19
京剧服装 传统的京剧服装不受时代、地域的限制,只要是表现封建社会内容的戏,不管是表现什么朝代,什么地域都可以用。其概括的能力非常之大,使用的范围也非常之广,它只受角色的身份、行当的制约。另外,京剧的服装还不受季节的影响。一般的情况下,不分纱、丝绸、棉、皮、夹的、单的等等。除非剧情有特定的要求,一定要表明季节,才根据剧情略略的加一些装饰性的点缀。(比如:下雪时,仅仅加一个斗篷就足以表明是雪天了)。京剧服装还不受生活逻辑的制约。比如有:水袖、靠背旗、雉尾等等,都是为了表现角色的表演而佩带的。京剧的服装分得非常细致的。比如:“蟒”。这种服装就是帝王将相有爵位的人在朝贺、宴会等非常庄重严肃的场合才穿的礼服。虽然都称为“蟒”,但是,根据剧情中人物的身份和地位的不同,是大有区别的。比如:皇帝穿的“蟒”,衣服上绣的叫“龙”这个龙有五爪。而且龙是张着嘴,嘴里吐出火珠。而亲王、大臣、将帅的“蟒”上绣的也是“龙”的形状,但是不叫“龙”,叫“蟒”。“蟒”只有四个爪,“蟒”的嘴是闭着的,象征着群臣折服。文官的衣服上绣的龙是“团龙”,很文静。武官衣服上绣的龙多是“散龙”,呈腾越的姿势,象征着威武、果敢。“蟒”的颜色有很多的区别:分别有上五色和下五色之分。上五色有:黄、红、绿、白、黑。下五色有:蓝、古铜、紫、粉、秋香色。什么人物穿什么颜色的衣服,这在京剧里面是非常讲究的。拿“黄色”来说,就有两种“黄色”:正黄色(浅黄),这种黄色只有皇帝才能穿。而太后、太子、亲王虽然也穿黄色,但是必须是深黄色(杏黄色)。红色的“蟒”表示很庄严高贵,是地位比较高的王侯、宰相、驸马、钦差、元帅才能穿用。绿色的“蟒”表示威严英武,是地位很高的武官的穿戴。另外,还包括一些“绿林好汉”“草莽英雄”。而穿白色“蟒”袍的大多是少年英俊、潇洒的人物。黑色“蟒”袍的穿戴者多是刚直不阿、性情威猛、豪爽的人物。以上是“上五色”。“下五色”相对面就宽了一些。男士在穿蟒时,必须围玉带。注:白蟒还有一种特殊的用途那就是给"草寇"用的。区别是:一般的达观贵人穿蟒必须穿到脚面。而草寇穿的蟒只穿到膝盖,用以表示他们并不是正统的帝王将相,但是看似庄重,反而给人一种浅薄可笑的意义在里面。女蟒:女蟒的颜色比较少,只有黄、红、白等颜色。黄色自然是给皇后专用,其他女官均穿红色的蟒袍。白色的蟒袍是孝服。老旦蟒:蟒袍仅过膝盖,但是必须佩带凤冠、腰挂玉带。太后穿的是杏黄色蟒袍、其他如:一品诰命夫人、贵夫人、太夫人则穿秋香色的蟒袍,头上要戴老旦冠,腰间系丝绦以和皇太后区别。简蟒:简蟒的式样与蟒相同,只是刺绣的图案少一些。这是为了减轻重量,利于表演。简蟒虽然简单一些,但是地位并不低下,头戴相纱以示地位的尊贵和职务的显赫。还有一种是太监们专用的蟒袍,样式和其他蟒袍一样,只是下身开隙,是随驾太监一类人的穿着。 CharacteristicsofPekingOperaCostumes

PekingOperawasborninthe55thyear(1790)ofthereignofEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynasty(1644-1911),whenfourbigHuibanoperatroupesenteredBeijingandbegantoadoptelementsoftheKunqu,Yiyang,HanjuandLuantanoperaformsalreadypopularincapital'splaydomatthetime.Morethanhalfacenturylater,thetroupescombinedandintegratedstoriesandmethodsfromthevariouspopularoperastylestheyencountered,eventuallyresultinginformofPekingOpera.XingtouPekingOperacostumesarecalledXingtouor,morepopularly,XifuinChinese.TheoriginsofPekingOperacostumescanbetracedbacktothemid-14thcentury,whenoperaticprecursorsfirstbeganexperimentingwithlargeornatearticlesofclothing.RulesofCostumeTradition(1)Anachronismsareallowable.Aperformer'scostumeprimarilydesignateshisorherroleonthestagenomatterwhenorwheretheactiontakesplace.Characters,whethertheyarefromancienttimesorinpre-modernChina,appearontheChineseoperastagewearingcostumessuitabletotheirroles.(2)Regardlessofwhichseasonisbeingdepictedinperformance,theoperacostumeisthesame.Weatherisdescribedineverysceneandmustbemadeclearbytheactor'smovements,ratherthanhisclothing.(3)PekingOperacostumesmustenabletheaudiencetodistinguishacharacter'ssexandstatusatfirstglance.Intermsofsymbolism,PekingOperacostumeshaveitssocialhierarchy--nobleorhumble,civilianormilitary,officialorprivatecitizens.(4)Bymeansofasubtledifference,operacostumesoftengiveexpressiontosharpdistinctionsbetweengoodandevilor,preferably,loyalandwickedcharacters.OblongWings(chizi)attachedtoagauzehatindicatealoyalofficial.Incontrast,acorruptofficialismadetowearagauzehatwithrhomboidalwings.(5)Baldrics,thoughapparentlyoflittleornoaccountascomparedwithsuchprincipalitemsascrownsandrobes,mayneverthelessfunctiontobringaboutmoredramaticeffectsonthestage.Forinstance,thewingsattachedtoahat,theplumes(lingzi)pinnedtoahelmetandthecascadingsleeves(shuixiu)sewntoagarmentaccentuatemovementeveniftheyhavelittlepracticaluse.Intheearlydays,operacostumesweremainlymadeofwoolorcoarsecloth;later,satin,crepeandsilkwereused,decoratedwithvariousmeticulouslyembroideredpatterns.Themakingofoperacostumesisaspecialanduniquestagecraft.ThecostumeboxfirstappearedintheMingDynasty(1368-1644),andwasgreatlyimprovedintheQingDynasty(1644-1911).LavishCostumes(1)Headdress:DesignatedbythegeneraltermToukui,operaheaddresscomprisessuchitemsascrown,helmet,hatandscarf.Crownsarefortheemperorandnobles;militarypeoplewearmarshals,helmets;ordinaryfolkswearsoftscarvesorstrawhats.Someheadgear,suchascrowns,isrigid,whileothersaresoft.(2)Costume:Thereare20majorkindsofcostumes,includingtheceremonialrobe,orMang;theinformalrobe,orPei;andthearmor,orKao,forsoldiers.Tencolorsareused,halfofwhicharethefiveprimarycolors(orshangwuse),namely,red,green,yellow,whiteandblack,incontrasttotheothergroupofpink,blue,purple,pale-brownandpale-blue,allofwhicharelabeledsecondarycolors(xiawuse).Manydetailsshouldbepaidattentionto,forexample,Mangisthegeneralcostumefortheemperorandnobles,buttherearedifferencesbetweenthesecostumes.Thereisadragon,openingitsmouthontheMangfortheemperor,whilethedragonontheMangfortheministersandgeneralshavingitsmouthclosed.Thedragonsonthecostumeofthecivilofficialsaregentleandquiet,whiletheonesonthecostumeofthemartialofficialsareboldandmighty.Therearecleardistinctionsbetweentheuseofcolors,forexample,theredMangstandsformajesticandnoble,thegreenMangindicatesmightyandbold,thewhiteonefitsthehandsomeyoungpeople,andtheblackoneisfortheuprightandunconstrainedpeople.Besides,therearesimplifiedMangandMangspecificallymadeforthefemaleactress,theLaodan,andthepalaceeunuch.(3)Operashoes:Awidevarietyofshoesandbootsareusedinoperaperformance,mainlyplatformboots(houdixue),tiger-headedboots(hutouxue),thin-soledcombatfootwearmadeofblacksatin(kuaixue),fish-headpugilist'sshoes,lacedboxer'sshoes,etc.